Water distribution system. 1. MODULE IIDistribution System Bibhabasu Mohanty Asst. Of civil Engineering SALITER, Ahmedabad. Course Content Layout of distribution networks, methods of water distribution, storage capacity of ESR, and underground service reservoir. IntroductionThe purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage. Requirements of Good DistributionSystem.Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure head.It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire fighting.

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Water supply networks form the link between drinking water supply and drinking water consumers. The water distribution supply systems are crucial part, therefore system must assure the continuity of the water supply distribution, the water quality control, monitoring and control of the technological process parameters,. Water Distribution Systems Distribution Reservoirs. Water Distribution Systems. The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage. Water Losses in the Distribution System 8 15 What is an Acceptable Water Loss? It is a compromise between the cost of reducing water loss and maintenance of distribution system and the cost (of water) saved. AWWA Leak detection and Accountability Committee (1996) recommended 10% as a benchmark for UFW. UFW levels and action needed.

The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair of any section of the system.All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above the sewer lines.It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum. Layouts of Distribution NetworkThe distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their layouts generally follow the layouts of roads.There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks; any one of which either singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. They are:Dead End SystemRadial SystemGrid Iron SystemRing System. Dead End System.It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite pattern of roads. AdvantagesRelatively cheap.Determination of discharges and pressure easier due to less number of valves.DisadvantagesDue to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes. Radial System.The area is divided into different zones.The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle of each zone. The supply pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery. Advantages: It gives quick service.

Calculation of pipe sizes is easy. Grid Iron System.It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout, where the water mains and branches are laid in rectangles. AdvantagesWater is kept in good circulation due to the absence of dead ends.In the cases of a breakdown in some section, water is available from some other direction.DisadvantagesExact calculation of sizes of pipes is not possible due to provision of valves on all branches. Ring System.The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub mains branch out from the mains. This system also follows the grid iron system with the flow pattern similar in character to that of dead end system.So, determination of the size of pipes is easy.

AdvantagesWater can be supplied to any point from at least two directions. Methods of water distributionFor efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at various points.Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and other local conditions the water may be forced into distribution system by following ways -.

1. Gravity system2. Pumping system3. Combined gravity and pumping system.

Gravity systemSuitable when source of supply is at sufficient height.Most reliable and economical distribution system.The water head available at the consumer is just minimum required.The remaining head is consumed in the frictional and other losses. Pumping systemTreated water is directly pumped in to the distribution main with out storing.Also called pumping without storage system.High lifts pumps are required.If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply.This method is not generally used. Combined gravity and pumping systemMost common system.Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir.Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied during high demand period.Economical, efficient and reliable system.

Distribution Reservoirs.Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for supplying water during emergencies (such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand. Functions of Distribution Reservoirs to absorb the hourly variations in demand. to maintain constant pressure in the distribution mains. water stored can be supplied during emergencies.Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs should be located as close as possible to the centre of demand. water level in the reservoir must be at a sufficient elevation to permit gravity flow at an adequate pressure. Types of Reservoirs.Depending upon their elevation w.r.t ground it may be classified into1. Surface reservoirs2. Elevated reservoirs. Surface reservoirsThese also called ground reservoir.Mostly circular or rectangular tank.Under ground reservoirs are preferred especially when the size is large.These reservoirs are constructed on high natural grounds and are usually made of stones, bricks, plain or reinforced cement concrete. The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the reservoir is full and the earth pressure when it is empty.The position of ground water table is also considered while designing these reservoirs.The floors of these reservoirs may constructed with R.C.C slab or square stone blocks resting on columns.

To obtain water tightness bitumen compounds are used at all construction joints. At the top of roof about 60cm thick earth layer is deposited and maintained green lawns to protect the reservoir from cold and heat.For aeration of water and inspection, ventilation pipes and stairs are provided. Under Ground Reservoir. TYPES OF TANKS R.C.C TANKS: R.C.C tanks are very popular because 1) They have long life 2) Very little maintenance 3) decent appearance. G.I. Tanks are generally in rectangular or square in shape.

Now a days G.I. Tanks are not preferring because 1) Life of the tank is short 2) Corrosion of metal 3) maintenance cost may be more. HDPE TANKS: Now a days HDPE tanks are very popular for storing less quantity of water and hence useful for residential purpose. The following are the advantages of HDPE tanks 1) Handling is easy because of light weight 2) Cheap in cost 3) Maintenance cost is low 4) Cleaning of tanks are easy. ESR.Elevated Storage Reservoirs (ESRs) also referred to as Overhead Tanks are required at distribution areas which are not governed and controlled by the gravity system of distribution.These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.If the topography of the town not suitable for under gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir are used. They are constructed where combine gravity and pumping system of water distribution is adopted.These tanks may be steel or RCC.Now RCC is commonly preferred.

The accessories of ESR are-Inlet and outlet pipe, overflow pipe discharging into a drainFloat gauge, indicating depth of water.Automatic device to stop pumping when the tank is full.A manhole and ladder.Ventilator for circulation of fresh air. Storage Capacity of DistributionReservoirs.The total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir is the summation of:Balancing Storage: The quantity of water required to be stored in the reservoir for equalising or balancing fluctuating demand against constant supply is known as the balancing storage (or equalising or operating storage).

Breakdown Storage: The breakdown storage or often called emergency storage is the storage preserved in order to tide over the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps, electricity, or any other mechanism driving the pumps.A value of about 25% of the total storage capacity of reservoirs, or 1.5 to 2 times of the average hourly supply, may be considered as enough provision for accounting this storage. Fire Storage: The third component of the total reservoir storage is the fire storage.This provision takes care of the requirements of water for extinguishing fires.A provision of 1 to 4 per person per day is sufficient to meet the requirement. When reserve storage is elevated, amount of fire reserve may be determined byR= (F-P) TR= Reserve storage (liters)F= Fire demand, liters/minP= Reserve fire pumping capacity, liters/minT= Duration of the fire in min The total reservoir storage can finally be worked out by adding all the three storages.

P.P.T on water distribution system by Manish Pandey. 1. Presented By- MANISH PANDEY CIVIL FINAL YEAR. The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity & pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure.

It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire fighting. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair of any section of the system.

All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away or above the sever line. It should be fairly water tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum. LAYOUTS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their layouts generally follow the layouts of roads. There are general, four different types of pipe networks; any one of which either single or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS Dead End System Radial System Grid Iron System Ring System. DEAD END SYSTEM It is suitable for old towns and cities having no different pattern of roads.

Advantage:- Relatively cheap Determination of discharge and pressure easier due to less number of valves. Disadvantage:- Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes. RADIAL SYSTEM The area is divided into different zones. The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the middle of each zone. The supply pipes are laid rapidly ending towards the periphery. Advantages:- It gives quick service Calculation of pipe size is easy. GRID IRON SYSTEM It is suitable for cities with rectangular layouts, where the water mains and branches are laid in rectangles.

Advantage:- Water is kept in good circulation due to absence of dead ends In the case of break down in some section, water is available from some other direction.  Disadvantage:- Exact calculation of sizes of pipes are not possible due to provisions of valves on all branches. RING SYSTEM The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub mains branch out from the mains. This system also follows the grid iron system with the flow pattern similar in character to that of dead end system. So determination of the size of pipes is easy.

Advantages:- Water can be supplied to any point from at least two directions. METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at various points. Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and other local conditions, the water may be forced into distribution system by following ways – Gravity System Pumping System Combined gravity and pumping system. GRAVITY SYSTEM Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height. Most reliable and economical distribution system. The water head available at the consumer is just minimum required. The remaining head is consumed in the frictional and other losses.

PUMPING SYSTEM Treated water is directly into the distribution main out storing. Also called pumping without storage system. High lifts pumps are required. If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply. The method is not general used.

COMBINED GRAVITY and PUMPING SYSTEM Most common system Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir. Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity. The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied during high demand period. Economical, efficient and reliable system.

COMBINED GRAVITY and PUMPING SYSTEM. DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for supplying water during emergencies ( such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand. Function of distribution reservoirs- To absorb the hourly variations in demand. To maintain constant pressure in the distribution main. Water stored can be supplied during emergencies. Location & height of distribution reservoirs Should be located as close as possible to the centre of demand.

Water level in the reservoir must be at sufficient elevation to permit gravity flow at an adequate pressure. TYPES of RESERVOIRS Depending upon the elevation with respect to ground, It may be classified into.

Surface reservoirs Elevated reservoirs. Surface reservoirs:- These also called ground reservoir.

Mostly circular or rectangular tanks. Underground reservoir are preferred especially when the size is large. These reservoirs are constructed high natural grounds and are usually made of stones, brick, plain or reinforced concrete cement. The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the reservoir is full and the earth pressure, when it is empty. Elevated reservoir:- It is also referred to as overhead tanks are required at distribution areas which are not governed and controlled by the gravity system of distribution. These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.

If the topography of the town not suitable for under gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir are used. They are constructed where combine gravity and pumping system of water distribution is adopted. These tanks may be steel or RCC.

TYPES of TANKS R.C.C. Tanks H.D.P.E Tanks R.C.C. TANKS:- It is of reinforced concrete cement.

They have long life. Very little maintenance. Decent appearance. TANKS:- It is if galvanized iron. Generally square or rectangular in shape Life of tank is short Corrosion of metal occurs Maintenance cost is high.

H.D.P.E TANK (high density polyethylene):- It is very popular for storing less quantity of water and hence useful for residential purpose. Handling is easy because of light weight. Cheap in cost Maintenance cost is low. Cleaning of tanks are easy. TYPES OF JOINTS End Cap Joint- comprises a cylindrical gasket-type fitting formed of soft, malleable material.

The end cap is connected to the end of an air filter with an adhesive. The end cap has a general “U” shaped end portion that encases one end of the air filter and includes a locking tab. The locking tab is formed on the end cap's interior lip to assist in holding the end cap in place. Pre-moulded air filter end caps are primarily designed for use in safety air filters for heavy motor vehicle applications, specifically, off road vehicles such as bulldozers, bob cats & transfer trucks.

Tee Joint- which have long functional life and exhibit efficient performance. Our products are useful to connect pipes of diverse diameters. These easy operational joints are used in different industrial applications for changing the pipe run direction.

The precisely engineered Tee pipe join are known for their durability and sturdy construction. Strainer Joints – these are specially designed for piping system.

There are different types of strainer joints, which have different designs and sizes. The chief material used for manufacturing these joints are carbon & stainless steel, which give them longer life and high performance. These material are in accordance to international quality standards. Reducer Joint – these are catering the needs of different industries across the domestic market.

These joints are popular for their non-abrasive nature, anti corrosive property and high durability. These products are easy to install and are made from high quality alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless steel and nickel alloys. These reducer joints are used to prevent fluid leakage and enhance the functionality in an effective manner.

Cast Iron Bent Joint - are available in various designs and sizes that is used for joining pipes. Another important feature of these joints is that they provide easy passage to tools and shafts for effectual cleaning.

Our products are available at reasonable rates according to the industry related prices. These are beneficial in meeting the exact application demand by installation at different angles. Collar Joints - which is used in wiper motors and link motion assembly parts. The Collars offered by us, are made using high-grade metal that ensures durability and wear & tear resistance. TYPES OF PIPES PVC stand for Polyvinyl Chloride.

This type of pipe has a wide variety of plumbing uses from drainage pipe to water mains. It is most commonly used for irrigation piping, home, and building supply piping. PVC is also very common in pool and spa systems.

PVC is often white but it can also come in a wide variety of colours. PVC PIPES-. CPVC PIPES- CPVC stands for Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride.

This type of pipe can stand temperatures up to about 180 degrees (this depends on the schedule) or so and can be used for hot and cold water inside of a house or mobile home. CPVC is the same outside diameter as copper and PEX so push fit fitting that fit PEX and copper, such as Shark Bite, will fit the CPVC piping. Like with PVC you should use primer and a glue when making a CPVC joint. PEX PIPES- PEX stands for Cross-linked polyethylene but, PEX is much easier to remember and say. PEX is commonly used for hot and cold water in homes and as hedonic heating due to its resistance to hot and cold temperatures.

Water Distribution System Ppt For Mac Pdf

PEX is widely used now for its competitive pricing, ease of use, and the long rolls of piping that it can come in. Copper Pipe – This type of pipe is mostly used for hot and cold water distribution as well as being regularly used in HVAC systems for refrigerant lines. Copper piping works in both underground and aboveground applications, but copper can be affected by some soils and should be sleeved if used underground. Due to the price of copper and longer labor needed to install many builders are switching to alternative water distributions piping like PEX. Copper comes in different thicknesses which are labeled M, L, and K. M is the thinnest grade of copper. Copper is connected by soldering pipe into the fittings.